Thursday, 27 June 2019

Electrochemical Investigations of Biomolecules Using Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Based Modified Electrodes

Carbon nanostructures, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been used to modify the electrodes to decrease the over potential and improve the sensitivity. In this tutorial article, we focus on recent literature that describes how CNTs- and rGO-modified electrodes are being used for electrochemical investigations of several biologically important molecules or pharmaceutical drugs. Huge electroactive surface area and superior electron transfer properties make CNTs and rGO good candidates for electrode materials. Various electrochemical techniques viz., cyclic voltammetric, differential pulse voltammetric, stripping voltammetric, amperometric etc., have been used to explore detailed electrochemistry of biomolecules and to develop electroanalytical methods for their assay in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Future challenges lie in the development of selective, sensitive, reproducible and simultaneous determination of biomolecules.

To know more go through the link https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/NNOA16000161.pdf
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Hydroxyapatite Thin Films Dedicated to Medical Applications

One of the major problems encountered in modern medicine is the finding of new materials that can be integrated in the human body without rejection by the host tissue. In this regard, all over the world the research was focused on the development of novel hybrid materials by combing polymer science and nanotechnology for different biomedical applications, such as drug delivery or biomimetic implants. For a successfully integration in human body these nanoengineered materials must have specific properties as good biocompatibility and biodegradability.

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Synthesis, Analysis and Thermoelectrochemical Applications of Ionic Liquids

New materials, which are eco-friendly and have unusual characters, are so attractive with the increasing demand and harmful pollutants amount all over the world. As a solvent, non-evaporate ionic liquids (ILs) have recently captured notable interest due to their magnifical properties. They have been used for distinct purposes such as electrochemistry, separation, lubrication, catalyst, and energy applications. Adding functional groups and/or anion or cation tunability can ensure improved efficiency ILs depends on the application type. The preset paper is primarily focused on the ionic liquids (IL) synthesis, development of functionalized ionic liquids, and their purification process. It also provides a review of the use of ionic liquids as electrolytes in the thermoelectrochemical cells due to the immediate necessity in areas ranging from waste heat conversion to electricity in modern life. Because ionic liquids have hazardous environmental effects, incur high costs, and require complex synthesis and purification process, all must be under control, recovered and optimized. Therefore, understanding their nature has become more important. Additionally, viscosity and conductivity of ILs are an obstacle in experimental studies; besides, the use of redox couples in IL electrolytes must be improved to use in thermoelectrochemical cell applications.

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Real Cathode and Anode of Internal DC Electric Circuit in FL Lamp

FL lamps are operated with the coexistence of disparate external and internal electric circuits. FL lamps light up with the internal electric circuit, in which cathode and anode are separately, but simultaneously, formed by volume of glow or corona light in Ar gas space at both ends of FL lamps, under the electric field from electrodes of the external electric circuit. The developed coil-EEFL lamps light up under AC and DC external driving circuits. Under the AC driving circuit, only Cphos involve in the WAC that is less than one tenth of the WAC of the HCFL lamps. Under the DC driving circuit, WDC = 0. The feature of FL lamps is the superconductive vacuum at above room temperatures, giving rise to astronomical quantum efficiency [ηq = 1013 visible photons (m3 , s)-1 per one moving electron]. Each FL lamp is operated with 1012 electrons per second. Consequently, the coilEEFL lamps steadily emit the 1025 visible photons (m3 , s-1). The LED lamp has only ηq < 1.0. All components of the coil-EEFL lamps reserve in the operation, resulting in the life > 106 hours. The developed coil-EEFL lamps surely contribute to the COP project of UN with the reduction of the electric power > 30 % on the world. 

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Water Molecules in the Carbon Confined Space (H2O)3@C60

Endohedral fullerene studies find a lot of interest in theoretical and experimental methods. Theoretical predictions and experimental methods on a single water molecule and a double water molecules fixing in C60 (H2O @ C60) and in C70 ((H2O)2 @C70) respectively leading the way to study the water trimer and polymer in Carbon confined space like fullerenes. In this line, the molecular properties of water trimer embedded in fullerene C60 ((H2O)3@C60) has been reported using ab-initio, Restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. Hydrogen bond formation between O-H and O-atom of nearby water molecule of all the three water molecules trapped inside the C60 is unusual and not in a straight line as compared to the bonding of water molecules in ice, which emphasize the characteristics of endofullerene. The shape of the hydrogen bond formation works with Ortho conformer with a flipping action as sin wave in a non-uniformed circular motion. The Dipole moment of 0.84 and 1.0 Deby exhibits the conducting and magnetic properties of water molecules embedded in the fullerene.

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https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/NNOA16000158.pdf
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The Application of Self-Assembling Nanoemulsion (Sane) in the Delivery of the Antibiotic Cefazolin

Antimicrobial resistance is an important health issue. Recent developments in nanotechnology have made possible opportunities to develop novel delivery options for pharmaceuticals and other biological agents already on the market today. In this study, an oil-in-water nanoemulsion and an aqueous solution of Cefazolin at 30 ug/mL and serial dilutions thereof, were tested against a quality control strain of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). A S. aureus bacterial suspension was streaked on to nutrient agar (NA) plates. Cefazolin preparations were added to wells aseptically bored out at 5 drops/well. The observed inhibitory zones were measured in millimeters. Our results demonstrated that the Cefazolin nanoemulsion formulation and Cefazolin aqueous solution at 30 ug/mL produced an inhibitory effect of 23 and 24 mm respectively. Quantitative plate counts of the Cefazolin preparations were also evaluated. Serial dilutions of both Cefazolin preparations were made in a 96- well microtiter plate using Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB). A suspension of Staphylococcus aureus equal to 1.0 x 107, was added to the wells and this plate was incubated at 37 C for 16-18 hr. Post incubation, the wells were subbed to NA plates and examined for CFU/mL. The NA plates containing the Cefazolin nanoemulsion formulation produced a decreased CFU/mL compared to the Cefazolin aqueous solution. Accordingly, the results of this study suggest that by decreasing the concentration of an antibiotic by its incorporation into a nanoemulsion formulation, we may reduce the amount of antibiotic needed to be delivered to produce both an inhibitory effect and a decrease in CFU/mL, thus reducing the potential for increased incidence of antibiotic resistant infections. 

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https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/NNOA16000157.pdf
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Modern Nanomedicine & Nanobiotechnology in Maxillofaciale Surgery and Stomatology

Nanomedicine-trend in modern medicine, based on the use of the unique capabilities of nanomaterials and nano-objects for the selection, design, and changes in biological systems on human low-molecular level.

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https://medwinpublishers.com/NNOA/NNOA16000156.pdf 
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